Demystifying dental caries - A comprehensive review of causes, mechanism and treatment strategies

Ali Haider; Saqafat Ahmad; Saira Sattar; Iqra Shaukat; Fatima Khizar; Areeha Aslam; Saima

doi:10.53992/njns.v10i4.290

Authors

Ali Haider Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
Saqafat Ahmad Department of Medical Lab Technology, Riphah International University, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Saira Sattar Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
Iqra Shaukat Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 57000, Pakistan
Fatima Khizar Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
Areeha Aslam Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 57000, Pakistan
Saima Department of Zoology. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53992/njns.v10i4.290

Keywords:

Dental Caries, Streptococcus Mutants, Lactobacillus, Dental Plaque, Cavity Formation.

Abstract

Dental caries, a chronic disease of significant global reach, represents a leading public health problem affecting individuals across all age groups. The condition is characterized by the aggravating the loss of minerals in dental hard tissues, primarily due to the byproducts of bacterial metabolism that are acidic in nature. Bacterial species involved in caries development include Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and several species of Lactobacillus . These microorganisms contain unique pathogenic mechanisms that enable them to stick to tooth surfaces, convert sugars into harmful acids and then grow in acidic environments. This review analyzes the historical context and microbiology of dental caries and details the specific roles and mechanisms of Streptococcus mutans and various strains of Lactobacillus in advancement of caries. It also discusses the formation and composition of dental plaques as a significant factor in caries development, as well as the stages and symptoms of dental cavity formation. The review further explores the current treatment strategies, including antibiotics, fluoride applications, and advanced dental restoration techniques, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations in managing the prevalence of oral health problems. The comprehension of dental caries has evolved significantly; it remains a widespread problem, especially in areas with limited access to dental care. Continued investigation and innovation are crucial to developing more potent prevention and treatment methods, ultimately reducing the worldwide burden of this disease.

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